(upbeat music)
- Hi and welcome back to Maple History.
I'm your host, Christina Austin,
and my guest today is my sister-in-law Vanessa.
- Hello.
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- I didn't know there were bonus episodes.
- Yeah.
They're not just essay ones.
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- So anyways, I love making the show
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- Yeah, absolutely.
- Okay, enough of that.
So today we are covering one of the best stories
in Canadian history that you've never heard.
It is the Acadian Civil War.
This isn't just bickering neighbors
and maybe the odd fight.
No, this is sea battles, a siege on a fort,
taking prisoners and putting them in dungeons,
international politics, and the English
getting involved out of Boston.
And as the Beaver magazine called it,
the lioness of Acadia.
- Oh wow.
- Yeah, I hear this is her.
You can see the picture.
- Oh my gosh.
- Yeah.
- Well, it's not really her.
It's like a 19th century painting.
- For the listeners, think of her like Merida from...
- Yes.
- From the movie.
- But brunette, short hair, the outfit is very Merida.
- She's got a sword.
- What a badass.
- Nice.
- Okay, so you're going to hear all about her.
And at the end of this, which will be two parts,
I will give you my opinion on why this didn't make the cut
on like the common stories we hear
about early Canadian history.
Like Madeleine de Vercher and the defeat of the Wendat.
We're going to do a quick recap
on what's been going on in Acadia
before the era of the main portion of this episode.
So the last episode about Acadia was all about
how the English burned down the Acadian settlement
and things had not been going very well at all
for the French there anyways.
They had a hard time getting funding.
They were in conflict with the Jesuits
and they really didn't properly defend the settlement
and the English burned it down.
So the young Charles Biencore and his friend Charles
Saint Etienne de la Tour,
they stayed on after everybody else went back to France
and they built a small but successful
for a trade business there.
Biencore died in 1623.
He's pretty young.
We have no details of what happened,
but it was dangerous, like sick, died, injured, who knows.
La Tour continued on and his father Claude La Tour
would act as his agent in France.
Things certainly weren't easy
and La Tour and the others working with him
had to battle with poachers frequently.
He wanted more help from France
to set up better protections
for what he believed was legitimate trade.
So in 1627, he sent a letter to Cardinal Richelieu
begging for help.
So this was also when the company of New France,
aka the company of 100 associates
was being set up to push development
of both Quebec and Acadia.
But 1628 was when the Kirk brothers made their move
and went after Quebec.
So the Kirk's were also supporting the Scottish settlers
who had their site set on Acadia
and they set up a colony in what they named Charles Fort.
It's a terrible name.
And the Kirk's are, they're English.
English, those are John and James.
And David and James and Louis.
And there's like the whole typical English names.
- They were the Huguenots.
They were kind of based in Dieppe.
So in that kind of yeah, they're Scottish originally,
but they're English and then they lived in Dieppe
because of trade and it's so close.
But they were not loyal to the French king,
they're loyal to the English king.
So as a shady name of Charles Fort is lame.
I was annoyed.
That's good as I come with something better.
But if you remember the episode
of Put the English Privateers Taking Back,
you may recall that the Kirk's had captured a flotilla
of ships that the company of New France
had sent to supply the back and bring colonists.
Charles's father, Claude de la Tour, was on that ship
and the Kirk's took him back to England as a prisoner.
Claude had a grand time in England.
I think he's a character.
Like he sounds like a real piece of work.
Like the type of guy who goes to Acadia
and is starting a fur trade business,
like that kind of person, but also super French.
- Super rich?
- French.
- Oh, I thought you said rich.
Like what's he doing?
- Very French.
- Very French.
- Very French, elegant manners, that kind of, Claude.
So he had been raised Huguenot.
So he was able to find a large community
of fellow French Huguenots that had taken refuge in London.
From there, he was able to finagle his way into court
where he charmed everyone.
Yeah.
- Of course he did.
- Yeah.
- Especially one of the queen's ladies in waiting.
- Of course he did.
- He charmed her so much that she married him.
- What?
- Yeah, you know, they say things about the French, right?
- So whoever was a William Alexander,
he was the guy who was kind of running the Scottish plans
to make Nova Scotia.
So they gave Claude a baronet sea for land
in the new Scottish settlement
because he was on the other side now
'cause he's like, "Sure, this is great."
- Wow.
- I'm gonna be a whatever, a baronet.
And he goes over there.
Claude wanted to go and claim his lands.
So he brought his very upper-class wife
with him to Acadia.
- Whoa.
- I know.
And it was finally bringing aid
that his son Charles had asked for three years ago.
And Claude also wanted to get his son on his side.
Like saying, "Yeah, you'll be my heir, it'll be great."
- It'll be great.
- He signed over and joined the English.
But Charles was like, "Nah, uh-uh."
And he stayed loyal to the French king, to his king.
And then Charles fended off the ensuing attacks.
Claude went to live at Charlesford,
but he didn't last there that long
'cause like the English didn't liken that much.
(laughs)
'Cause he was probably too much.
- I know, I think he's probably too much.
- Yeah, I have a feeling he was a lot.
- Yeah. (laughs)
- Yeah, he didn't get on.
So Charles sent someone to go get him
and built him a very nice house,
had four servants where he lived out his days
as luxuriously as one can in 17th century Acadia.
- It's so random.
- I know.
It's his wife.
- What?
- I know.
- Good on her, she probably hated it, but--
- I'm sure she did.
- Oh my God.
She would, I mean, think like, I would hate it.
- Yeah, you would.
- Nicola Denny, he was a merchant
who was part of this whole era.
He's like in and all like all around.
He went to visit Claude and his English wife,
and he was really impressed with how well Charles
had set them up.
And I'm sure when Claude died in 1636,
that his wife booked it back to England as fast as she could.
- Oh, yeah.
- She would have children or--
- Oh, so they wouldn't have kids.
- Yeah, like she was just there in freaking Acadia.
- It's like there's--
- I'm trying to picture--
- There's like 200 people there.
- I know, it's not many people.
- And she was part of the court lady in waiting.
So it's not like she was just part of the court.
She had access to the queen,
and not just nobility and name,
but she was impoverished nobility kind of thing.
Nothing like that.
- She was in there.
- Yeah.
- Don't know what her name was.
- Bless her.
- You don't know her name?
- I didn't look it up.
- Oh, no, it's fine.
I'm just curious now, I'm like--
- Louise, I don't know.
- Probably, I don't know, let's call her Charlotte.
- Sure, yeah, there's a lot of Charlottes, yeah.
Anyways, this established in my mind
that Charles was a good sort.
He had his own magma wife,
and when the Recolettes returned in 1632,
he had his marriage blessed.
He had three daughters with this wife,
but she likely died not long after this.
And with the same treaty that forced
the Kirk's to return to Quebec,
the Scottish settlement had to be abandoned,
so the Acadian colony was back in the hands of the French,
and Latour wanted to get his business back up
and running again.
So Cardinal Richelieu, he was a big supporter
and shareholder of the company in New France,
and very much wanted his finger in the pie of Acadia.
He recognized Latour's service and loyalty
to the King of France and gave him the title
of Lieutenant General of Acadia in 1631,
but Richelieu knew that he needed more support
and a better finance person over there,
so in 1632, he gave Isaac D'Razzoli,
commander of the Order of Malta, the title as well,
and basically split the colony into.
This guy is like no joke.
- Yeah.
- The Order of Malta is like from the Crusades.
Like he's fancy.
- He's very fancy.
- Old money.
He was over there.
He was the governor, and he was higher up than the tour,
'cause he had money.
- Some more, yeah.
- Anne actually is related to Richelieu.
- Richelieu?
- Yeah, Cardinal Richelieu of like three musketeers fame.
That guy.
So Razzoli came over to Acadia in 1632,
and Latour headed over to France with his three daughters
because he needed to make himself known over there
with all the changes that were happening with the colony.
The eldest daughter did not stay in France long,
but the middle daughter, Antoinette,
was sent to a convent school where it was discovered
by the abest there that she had a remarkably beautiful
singing voice, and so she stayed in France.
- So she's Maria.
- Yeah, sorry.
(laughing)
- Good, not myself.
- A convent.
- Yeah.
- Beautiful singing.
- Striding through the halls.
- He feels her alive.
- He feels her alive.
- Yeah, she stayed in France.
She was educated at the convent,
and trained in singing by the best singing teachers,
and she was so good that the queen of France
heard her sing, so we know this because Antoinette
eventually took her vows as a nun,
and that's how her story got recorded.
- Oh, nice.
- The youngest daughter, much sadder story.
She went to a different convent school,
but she died not long after.
- Oh, let's do that.
- Yeah.
So things were going pretty well for Latour at this point,
and he went back home to Acadia
where he would work with Resilie very well.
Resilie had brought his brother, Claude de Lone,
Resilie, and his cousin, Charles de Menud del Nay,
Charnizet, I know.
And I also want to put some menacing music on this name,
Charles de Menud del Nay, Charnizet,
he's the villain, like, enter the villain.
- Dun, dun, dun.
- Yeah.
But things are gonna go well for the next few years.
Resilie brought settlers over
and was a jolly and helpful leader.
He would pop over to where men were working
and basically put on a kitchen party.
Like, he's like, bringing the wine,
and getting the food, and helping people out,
and like, he was great.
Like, just kind of the epitome of your colonial leader.
Like, he was a good guy.
And he funded it well, which is the key.
It's always the key.
- It's always the money.
- But he died suddenly in 1635.
- Oh. - Yeah.
- And left his portion of the colony
to his brother, Claude, another Claude.
- There were so many collards and--
- And Charles. - Charles and--
- Yeah, 'cause it's Charles de Latour and Charles de Lone.
So, they're now just Latour and Dolne.
- Okay, let's do that. - Yeah.
Dolne very much wanted to run the colony
and not just be part of it.
So Claude, he wasn't that interested,
so he's like, "Yeah, you can run it, go ahead."
His Claude was really just there,
'cause he had the more money.
- Okay. - He was not interested
in being a colonial governor.
- No, he just wanted to--
- Get the funds, get the income.
But Dolne wanted the whole thing.
He wanted to make it his life's work
to get full control of Acadia, no matter what.
- Dun, dun, dun. - Yeah.
So, Dolne, he was a posh boy.
He had a solid military career, had family money,
and more importantly than anything,
he had connections at court,
including his cousin, Cardinal Richelieu.
So, they're all cousins.
- They're all cousins. - Yeah, they're all cousins.
Latour had friends too, such as Guillaume Desjardins
and Etienne de Mora, who had resources,
but they were more upper middle class,
whereas Dolne was rubbing shoulders with the posh guys.
- Yeah.
- So, when Razzly died and Dolne took over,
he started making enemies.
The first one was Nicola Deni,
who had a thriving lumber business.
Dolne pretty much just up and kicked him out,
and didn't let him take any of his lumber,
which Deni said was worth 20,000 leverage,
which was a pretty huge amount of money.
So, it took some time to figure out how much it was.
I had to look at all these different calculators,
'cause it transferred to leverage to modern day money.
You could do pounds to modern day money.
So, anyways, so I transferred it to leverage to pounds.
- Okay, what's lever?
Is that the French money?
- Is it?
- Yeah, it was.
- Oh, it was, okay.
'Cause it's the Frank now.
- Well, Euro, but before it was--
- Well, now, well, yeah.
- But in this time, it was the leverage.
So, it was hard to figure out exactly how much it would be worth,
but it would be worth about $100,000.
- Oh, yeah.
It's a lot of money.
- It's a lot of money.
- Just to leave on the side of the shore.
- Yeah.
- 'Cause this, some asshole told him to leave.
And he didn't come back for 10 years.
Still, Deni didn't come back for 10 years.
- Wow.
- Yeah.
He also pissed off some bureaucrat,
kind of like a port authority guy.
He was gonna make him pay for unloading all of the stuff
and take the financial liability of it,
and he's just a dick, so.
- Yeah.
- But people were interested in working with him,
'cause people always are with people with money.
- Because he's got money, yeah.
- So, one family who had come to Acadia was that of Louis Motez,
Cyrida Crecelle, and his children, adult children.
So, Deni took an interest in his daughter, Jean,
and her dowry.
- Of course.
- And married her.
So, he already had an Abenaki family down in Maine,
who would go by the name of Doni.
It's been Americanized.
And became well-known Métis family in later years.
We're doing rebellions and stuff.
- Of course.
- But that didn't stop him.
So, he wasn't a romantic sort,
and he wrote of his new wife, that she was no femme de monde.
She was merely a humble and modest little servant of God.
So nice.
But, he must have liked her well enough,
because they had eight children.
- Oh, well.
- Four boys, four girls.
- There you go.
- Little servant of God.
- There you go.
- Humble.
- Humble.
- Mousey girl.
- No femme de monde.
- Yeah.
- Woman of the world.
- More like a society lady.
No, she's not a society lady.
- Okay.
- Okay.
- It's kind of...
- What a dick.
- I know.
So, in the same year of his marriage,
the king gave Doni the same authority as Latour,
but did something that would really add fuel
to the growing fire between the two men.
He messed up the geography,
and gave Doni power over some of Latour's territory,
and vice versa.
- Oh no.
- 'Cause the maps were shit.
- Mm-hmm.
- So, just so they're like,
and they're just like, this is good.
- This is fine.
- Oh no.
- Yeah.
Not great.
- This is why we need cartographers.
- Yeah, right?
That's what they do maps.
Cartographers, yeah.
- So, that was not great.
That's gonna cause problems.
- That's gonna cause some problems.
- Yep.
- Latour could see that Doni was settling in,
and was consolidating his power
with his connections both in France and Acadia,
and especially with the addition of a new wife.
Latour did not have any male heirs,
despite being in his mid-40s.
- Uh-oh.
- So, he was determined to do something about that.
In 1639, he sent his good friend Desjardins
to France to bring him back a wife.
He sent him with a contract
that had very favorable terms for whoever he married.
Lots of money and gifts were to be given to his new bride.
Desjardins found someone pretty quickly,
so it's likely she was known to Latour.
It's not really clear how he met her or--
- Okay.
- So, Desjardins settled a marriage contract
with the dowry les frasquals Marie Jacqueline
on New Year's Eve, 1639.
She was the daughter of a doctor,
but Doni would write later that her father was a barber
in attempts to discredit her character.
- Oh. - Yeah.
- He's mean.
- He's mean.
- What did she do to him?
- I can't find out.
- I'm excited now.
- I'm excited now.
- All the characters are in play here now.
- So, is she the Linus?
- Mm-hmm.
- So, Desjardins would bring her to Acadia,
leaving in March and arriving in June of 1640,
along with a couple maidservants
who would stay with her over the years.
Latour was waiting for her at Cape Sable
and they were married straight away.
Then, Latour took her to his main fort
that he had prepared for her.
He'd done it all up, his houses and, of course, the palisades,
but there's gardens and farms and--
- Like a manner?
- Yeah, but with more guards.
- Fair.
- They didn't stay there for long
because Latour wanted to take Resswaz ostensibly
to meet Dolny and his wife,
but what he was really doing was going to Port Royal
to check up on whether Dolny was cheating him
out of his half of the fur trade, probably was.
They set off on a ship from Fort Latour to Port Royal,
but when they arrived, they sent a small boat
called a shalap to see if they could come ashore.
That's one of the types of boats they used.
- What are the other kinds of boats?
- A penas.
- Oh, sorry, a penas?
- Yeah, you're a bit on a penas?
(laughs)
- Yes.
(laughs)
- Sorry we can cut that out.
- We have the same penas for years.
(laughs)
- Same.
(laughs)
- All right, this shalloop shallop.
- Shallop.
- It's a boat that you can carry on a bigger boat,
but it has a sail.
They can be kind of taken apart and put down
and then they can put it together and drop it in
- Like a pop-up boat?
- A pop-up boat.
- Okay.
- But not like a long boat, which would just row.
So I think you can row this and have a sail.
So they set off on a ship from Fort Latour to Port Royal,
but when they arrived, they sent a small boat
called a shalap to see if they could come ashore.
Donne was away, but he had left instructions
not to let Latour ashore.
This insult seriously pissed off the tour,
and they stayed overnight, but left the next day.
On the way back, they saw two ships approaching.
These were Donne's ships, and after a night of fuming
at the insult to him and his new wife,
Latour fired on Donne's ships.
- Whoa.
- Yeah, he went in Latour's favor for a little bit,
but Donne was able to win out and took Latour
and his people captive.
- Whoa.
- Yeah, and took them into his, to Port Royal.
So it was entirely possible that Donne threw them
in the dark dungeon that he had at Port Royal.
He had used the dungeon before and the ill treatment
of one of Nikola, Donne's men received there
that had killed him.
- When you think of Acadia,
you don't picture dungeons and shackles, and--
- These weren't stone forts, but they were grubby,
like a hole, not like an Ubliette or something like that,
but just pretty miserable.
So wherever he had taken them, they were in his control.
So he started gathering statements from settlers
and priests that he could use against Latour
to get him to sign into admitting his guilt
as being the one who started this violence
that they could send to the king.
So the king could settle it.
So Donne did get the signature and release Latour
and the rest of them as he agreed.
So it was like, as soon as he signed, you can go, it's fine.
- You know it's totally okay.
- But Donne took his evidence against Latour to Paris
to try and destroy Latour.
Yeah, yeah, he went right away.
So as soon as Latour got back to his fort,
he sent Desjardin off to Paris to try
and do damage control.
- Okay.
- It went terribly for Latour.
- Oh no.
- So Donne had brought the Capuchin missionaries,
which, come on, Capuchin.
- Capuchin.
- Yeah, that sounds like hoods.
I think they all have all the recollects.
They're all gray.
- Okay.
- Are the Capuchin more fancy?
They sound like they should be fancier.
- I feel like they have like fancy hoods.
- I mean, that's an adorable name.
- It is.
- So he brought the Capuchin missionaries
with him to abdicate on his behalf
and it were completely in his favor.
- And the Capuchin missionaries are from France.
- Yep, these are all French missionaries.
So the Capuchin's, they were in Port Royal
and the Recalettes were with Latour.
- Okay.
- So Desjardin was arrested and Latour was ordered back
to France to face the music.
They stripped him of his commission as governor
and put his forts under Donne's control.
He kept control of some of the forts
despite the order but gave up Fort St. Louis to Donne
'cause it was not really defensible,
but Donne was supposed to look after it,
but he torched it against the king's orders
and really pissed off the Recalettes
because he torched their monastery.
- Whoa. - Yeah.
- The king had ordered him to take care of it.
So that's a mark against him in Latour's favor
that he would use to his benefit.
- So wait, wait, wait.
The king ordered him to...
The king ordered Donne to look after any forts
to take them over and look after them.
- Yeah, and then he lit them up.
- He lit it up.
- Why would you do that?
- It doesn't even make any sense.
- It doesn't benefit you.
- Why did he do that?
- Like you can use the place for your for trade
and new settlers and anyways, it's just wasteful.
That's what it is.
- It's a tantrum.
- Yeah.
- That's why I was confused.
I was like, wait, weren't it?
- So yeah, that helped keep the Recalettes
on the tour side for now.
He was going to need a lot more help
if he was going to save off Donne's play for his territory.
The tour's next move was to send his Huguenot buddy,
Nicola Gargo de la Rachete,
to the only other people in the region that could help him.
The English down in Massachusetts Bay.
- Ooh.
- The English sediments were doing exponentially better
than the French settlements.
There were only about 350 settlers in New France by 1645,
was not even 635 in this narrative,
but there were 17,000 colonists in New England.
- What?
- 17,000 compared to 650.
And there's more down in Virginia.
So there was like 27,000 English.
So Rachete wasn't able to get the trade agreements
he wanted this time, but he had planted some seeds
and the tour would try again soon.
The English were certainly open
to the idea of expanding their trade networks
because the ones back home were drying up
because the English Civil War was about to kick off.
So their markets for new European goods
and the fur trade were kind of drying up
and the settlers weren't coming anymore
because of the English Civil War.
When Charles the first got his head cut off
and Cromwell and all that stuff.
By 1642, Delaney was back in Acadia
and in August he went to Fort Latour
to throw some more gas on the fire.
He stayed on his ship and sent a handful of men ashore
to deliver a laundry list of crimes and accusation to Latour.
The tour was enraged and crumpled the paper up
and had his men haul in Delaney's men into the fort.
So he held them prisoner for over a year.
- Whoa.
- And Delaney said he treated them like Turkish slaves.
I know, oh, very not great.
- But also that's really specific.
- Really specific.
- I try to understand that, to be honest.
- I know, huh, okay.
- Not that long ago there were slave ships
that would come and take English people
in this time period from the shores back to like,
wherever, Middle East.
- Really?
- Yeah.
- Just to pop in here and make a quick note,
I'm referring to the Barbary pirates here.
They were from North Africa and not the Middle East
and they were active during this era.
Sorry for the confusion there.
- I didn't know that.
I feel like because of Europe is so interesting
and that they're all so close to each other.
- They would get them from the coast of like Cornwall
and stuff.
- Huh.
All right, it was an emotional blow to Latour
to be accused of things he didn't do
and in such an official manner.
But Delaney continued to have success
in his moves to control the whole colony.
Claude Razzoli was sick of everything to do with the colony
so he sold his shares and full control
of the fort to Delaney for cheap
and he still had the support of the court back in France.
- Wow.
- Not good.
Latour needed someone on his side in France.
So he got Francois's on a ship in September
so that she could work on rebuilding support at court
or with anyone who would listen.
- And Francois is the wife.
- Yeah, okay.
She was like 20.
Yeah.
(laughs)
- That's fine.
- I will.
He's an old guy.
She's young.
He seemed to like each other
'cause she was like gung ho fighting for him.
- Yeah.
- So Latour couldn't go because it was very likely
he would just be arrested right away
and thrown into the clink as soon as he landed.
- Francois was sent with a sick note from the Recolettes
as a cover for why she was there instead of him
even though he'd been recalled months ago
on the king's orders.
In December of 1642, Richelieu died
which gave Francois's the chance she needed
with Richelieu's successor,
Armand de Mayi d'Ooch de Francec.
Yeah, fancy.
- So fancy.
- They all have like three names.
- They're great.
- So French.
- So French.
She manages to somehow get a meeting with this guy
which is remarkable since she's not noble.
She's middle class.
She got in there and she must have talked her way
into getting help to the successor of Richelieu
'cause Richelieu was like the king's lead minister.
I don't know, she's pretty good
and talked him into giving her a ship
in supplies and 140 men and--
- Wow, she's gorgeous.
- Yeah, and also got his title back.
- After he'd been stripped of it.
- Yeah, the Duke wrote the orders
and said that he's lieutenant governor.
I don't know how she did that, but she did.
And Latour's friend, so he took command of the ship,
his friend Dumoura, he went with her.
The Saint Clement, take Francois's
and the 140 passengers and crew.
And among that crew were 45 men who had signed on
to serve Latour for the next two or three years.
So there's the crew and then there's like a fighting force,
essentially.
So while Latour waited those long months
for his wife to come back,
he was working on his contacts with the English again.
He sent another one of his men, Jacques Dumoura,
Sir de Lestang, I know.
- Jacques Dumoura.
- Dumoura.
- Dumoura.
- Sir de Lestang, so it's like senior.
- Oh, Sir de Lestang, okay.
- Yeah, to meet with Governor Winthrop
so the head of Massachusetts Bay calling.
- Okay.
- They stayed about a week
and were hosted by Edward Gibbons.
He was a rich, Puritan guy.
- I was gonna say Edward Gibbons,
he's just American.
- Yeah.
- Two names.
- Yeah, yeah.
John Winthrop.
- Yeah.
- Come on.
This didn't really move the needle much
for getting a full ally in the fight against Dumoura,
but it was more about laying the groundwork
for a continued good relationship.
So on his way back, Lestang stopped to rest
or to trade at some island or whatever, some outpost
and Dumoura happened to be there.
So he likely knew that Latour was making contact
with the English because it was hard
to keep things top secret in that area.
But now he knew for sure, after meeting with Lestang,
with this information,
Dornay decided to set up a blockade of the Bay of Fundy
to seal off Latour from the rest of the world
and starve them into surrendering.
- Whoa.
- So that's the end of part one.
- That's cool.
- Well, not cool, but.
- The groundwork is laid, part one is done,
things are gonna pop off soon.
We're gonna take a small break,
but then we're gonna keep talking in like a minute.
But the second episode will come out about a week after
this one, so.
- Oh, nice.
Thank you for listening to part one of two
that will cover the Acadian Civil War.
I hope you enjoy this episode,
and we will be back in a week with the conclusion
of this thrilling chapter in the history of the Maritimes.
